Genes:homeotic genes :hox a, b,c,d genes :They encode transcription factors for homeobox sequence which regulate segmentation and pattern formation. Disturbances in developement of hox genes lead to organ specific defects in gi tract.for e.g hox c -4 abnormalitycan give rise to esophageal obstruction,hoxd 12 and d13 defect in anal musculature.Hox genes are critical reguators of organ differentiation , patterning and proximal to distal progression.BMP4:Stomach mesoderm,sidedeness of stomach,location of pyloric sphincter while shh signaling induces formation of lamina propria and submucosa .
Esophagus:4 weeks as tubular structure.10 weeks with ciliated columnar epithelium,stratification begins mid -esophagus and progress up and down from 20 weeks.circular muscle is present at 8 weeks,longitudinal muscle at 13 weeks.Nks2.1 separates esophagus from trachea.Basal cells in epithelium have stem cells properties.
Stomach:basic structure is well formed at 14 weeks. Recently Polymerism of nitric oxide synthatase has been held responsible for pyloric stenosis.Wnt and Hedgehog signaling regulates stomach developement.Wnt signaling inhibition is responsible for stomach specific epithelium.COUP-TF11is responsible for side and patterning of developing stomach.Neck region in gastric pits have stem cells capacity & cells move up and down with proliferation.Musashi1 is responsible for antrum.
Liver : bud at 4th week,foxa 1 and foxa 2 are reuired for liver development in human enterocytes.BMP is required for mesodermal interaction of developing entercytes.hepatoblast are considered to be progeniator for earlier biliary epithelium.biliary ducts from in the ductal plate.reminder of ductal plate regresses.formation of bile duct occurs from hilum to periphery.cauded portion of bud give rise to extrahepatic biliry tree and gallbladder.bile comes in duodenum by 4th month.HNF1b delinates intrahepatic bile ducts.
Pancreas:duts formation starts by 30 days.2 ducts fuse by 7 weeks.by 20 weeks enzyme activity is detectable .enzyme secretion begins around 5th month.pdx-1 gene :early pancreatic developement.hlx-9 is involved in dorsal prepancreatic endoderm.ngn3 helps in endocrine path developement.p48 for exocrine developement.
Small intestine:by 13 weeks organogenesis is complete .its faster as compared to rats.mucosal remodelling and villous structure formation progress in cephalocaudal direction begining at 9 weeks.at 10 weeks intervillous epithelium is stratified while apices are columnar.musculoris mucosa by 17 weeks.little information is available on intestinal vascularisation.paneth cells are present by 12 weeks.they provide innate immunity to intestine.Mcells are present by 17 weeks.tufts cells by16 weeks.proliferative cells are restricted to crypts early in developement.Wnt is responsible for cellular proliferation.BMP4 and BMP-2 are involved in intestinal developement synthesised by mesechymal cells .Wnt and BMP signaling are integrated by PI3 and Akt kinases to maintain stem cell compartment in intestine.notch 1 is responsible for proliferating cells.Math1 is responsible for scretory cell lineage.Gfi1,hes1 and ngn3 is responsible for enteroendocrine developement.smal intestinal stem cell domain is still unexplored.
Colon:early primitive stratified epithelium gets converted to vill-crypt by 12 weeks.glycogen content in colonocytes reduces with advancing trimester and it reappears with carcinoma progression.
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Neu: Gastroenterology and Nutrition - Neonatology Questions and Controversies, 1st ed
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